What is planetary migration, and how may it account for the surprising orbits of many extrasolar planets? 8) Which is closest to the average distance between asteroids in the asteroid belt? Transit photometry and Doppler spectroscopy have found the most, but these methods suffer from a clear observational bias favoring the detection of planets near the star; thus, 85% of the exoplanets detected are inside the tidal locking zone. 4) Which of the following methods has not yet detected planets around other stars? Observations indicating that other planetary systems often have jovian planets orbiting close to their stars are best explained by what we call __________. The four graphs show Doppler data for four different stars. What happens, C) It is rapidly converted to energy when it meets an ordinary electron, resulting in matter-, 24) The overall fusion reaction by which the Sun currently produces energy is. Calculate the average density of the planet. C) Jupiter-mass, in very close orbits. B) The original alphabetical labeling did not correspond to surface temperature and thus had to. 9) Which is closest to the temperature of the core of the Sun? 29) You observe a star in the disk of the Milky Way, and you want to plot the star on an H-R, 30) On the main sequence, stars obtain their energy, 31) The faintest star visible to the naked eye has an apparent visual magnitude of about. Question 8 0.5 out of 0.5 points Planets detected via the Doppler technique have been mostly Selected Answer: Jupiter-mass, in very close orbits. First, planets are found around stars more massive than the Sun which are young enough to have protoplanetary disks. 28) When do comets generally begin to form a tail? 26) On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where on the main sequence would we find stars that. How much brighter is a Sun-like star than the reflected light from a planet orbiting around it? Astronomers have discovered more planets around other stars than in our Solar System. Typically the mass of the planet m p is small enough to ignore. Assume that all four stars have planetary systems oriented the same way toward Earth, so that the data can be compared fairly. D) because they rarely interact with matter. 30) Why does the plasma tail of a comet always point away from the Sun? Each dot on this graph represents an extrasolar planet; the green dots (labeled) represent planets of our own solar system. Just over 20 years ago, we were completely unaware of the existence of any planets outside our own solar system. Many of these planets have orbits that differ significantly from perfect circles. 24) Processed meteorites with low metal content probably are. The Doppler technique watches for movement in stars by looking for periodic Doppler shifts. Why did this hypothesis gain favor over alternative ideas? 35) Most of the energy produced in the Sun is released in the form of visible light from the. The astrometric technique of planet detection works best for, The size and shape of a planet's orbit can be determined by, A planet's density can be measured by combining. 13) The spectral sequence sorts stars according to, 14) The spectral sequence in order of decreasing temperature is. Question 8 0.5 out of 0.5 points Planets detected via the Doppler technique have been mostly Selected Answer: Jupiter-mass, in very close orbits. The GAIA mission obtains astrometric data of stars with accuracy in some cases better than 10 microarcseconds. Be careful with unit conversions.). 38) In a pulsating variable star, which characteristic of the star changes dramatically with time? "Earth causes the Sun to move at a snail's pace," says Nave. 40) In the asteroid impact theory of the extinction of the dinosaurs some 65 million years ago. B) dust injected into the stratosphere from the impact absorbed visible light from the Sun. 28) How do we think the "hot Jupiters" around other stars were formed? C) calculated its orbit and predicted that it would return in 1758. More than a thousand extrasolar planets are now known, but most have been detected indirectly through Doppler shifts or photometric detection of eclipses. A) detection of reflected light by the planet, 5) Most of the planets discovered around other stars. C) Energy is transported outward by the rising of hot plasma and the sinking of cooler plasma. D) There is a balance within the Sun between the outward push of pressure and the inward pull. What are the strengths and limitations of the transit method? C) It shows that we do not fully understand the formation of our Solar System. 42) On average, how often do impactors about 10 km in size, large enough to produce mass, 43) Which of the following Pluto observations did not help convince scientists to change Pluto's. D) The two planets have an orbital resonance that prevents them from colliding. A planet's size can be determined by observing its transit across a star. The planets detected through direct imaging currently fall into two categories. What technique, C) finding the main-sequence turnoff point of the stars. There are no hot Jupiters in our solar system. 33) Which of the following characteristics of stars has the greatest range in values? Give your answer in grams per cubic centimeter. Since the 1990s, astronomers have been monitoring nearby stars looking for evidence of Doppler shifts caused by orbiting planets. Question 9 0.5 out of 0.5 points If every star had an Earth-like planet in an Earth-like orbit, how many could be detected by a transit? Compared to the planets of our solar system, the composition of a __________ most resembles the compositions of Uranus and Neptune. We monitor the brightness of a star as the planet passes in front of the star's disk. 23) On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where would we find stars that are cool and dim? Until the launch of Kepler it was the method that had found the most planets. jovian planets can form only in the cold, outer regions of a solar system. Its disadvantage is that it can yield only the planet's mass and orbital properties. It has been modified to allow for planets to migrate inwards or outwards due to gravitational interactions. Based on these data, the planet's orbital period is about ______________________. 40) Which of the following statements about an open cluster is true? D) the winding of magnetic field lines due to differential rotation. 39) What processes are involved in the sunspot cycle? It is large enough to block about 2.5% of the star's light. A) less than that of any terrestrial planet. 27) In order to have a comet named after you, you have to, C) be one of the first three discoverers who report it to the International Astronomical Union. 20) What are the two main differences between extrasolar planetary systems discovered to date, C) extrasolar planet orbits tend to be closer and more eccentric than in our Solar System, 21) A planet is detected via the Doppler technique. 22) A planet is detected via the Doppler technique. 37) Why won't Pluto collide with Neptune? As of 2006, around 200 extrasolar planets have been identified using the radial velocity technique. A planet which is of similar proportions to Jupiter, exerts a slight Gravitational pull on its parent star. 1) Which of the following statements about comets and asteroids is true? The average separation of the planet and star, a, is simply the sum of the radii for circular orbits. 1. the astrometric technique 2.The transit method 3.the Doppler method 4.Hubble images This technique works only in the rare cases when the planet's orbit is nearly edge-on as seen from Earth. big planets in edge-on orbits around small stars. planets detected via the doppler technique have been mostly jupiter-mass in very close orbits why are many of the newly detected extrasolar planets called hot jupiters their masses are similar to jupiter but they are very close to the central star and therefore hot walking speed. (Hint: To find the volume of the planet, use the formula for the volume of a sphere: 43π(radius)3. Are there certain planets that each method cannot detect, even if the planets are very large? 13) Why do we sometimes observe asteroids at the distances of the gaps in the asteroid belt? However, then m p is large and m s is small it does have a noticable effect. 24) On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where would we find stars that are cool and luminous? Discovering planets through the __________ requires obtaining and studying many spectra of the same star. Planets detected via the doppler technique have been. A) the excess absorption of starlight at specific wavelengths. C) Their luminosity can be inferred from their period. 29) What would happen to the planets in a solar system where the central star did not have a, C) The gas in the solar nebula would create a drag on the planets and their orbits would migrate, 30) Which of the following is a consequence of the discovery of hot Jupiters for the nebular, C) It has been modified to allow for planets to migrate inwards or outwards due to gravitational, 31) Which of the following is a consequence of the discovery of hot Jupiters for understanding. An extrasolar planet that is rocky and larger than Earth is often called a __________. Explore an interactive gallery of some of the most intriguing and exotic planets discovered so far. 28) On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where would we find white dwarfs? Which location represents a planet that has about the same composition as Earth but is larger in both size and mass. Both techniques are most sensitive to large planets close to their stars. To determine a planet's average density, we can use. Which location represents a planet with the greatest mass? They formed as gas giants beyond the frost line and then migrated inwards. Which of the following properties can be inferred from the star's orbital period? It shows that we do not fully understand the formation of our Solar System. The graph shows how a star's orbital speed varies with time because of the gravitational tug of an orbiting planet. As of December 2017, 662 of all exoplanet discoveries (both candidates and those that have been confirmed) were detected using the Radial Velocity Method alone – almost 30% of the total. Notice the four locations marked by the bold numbers 1 through 4. 7) Which of the following correctly states the luminosity-distance formula? 27) How do we know what goes on under the surface of the Sun? walking speed. A) The chromosphere is the source of ultraviolet light, and the corona is the source of X rays. What is an Exoplanet? Multiple-planet systems have been identified around other stars via the Doppler technique. C) Gravitational tugs from Jupiter prevented material from collecting together to form a planet. Currently, velocities of giant planets have been measured in the region of 1-100m/s. #3) Which types of planets are most easily detected by Doppler measurements? the amount and frequency of the star's motion are both higher. 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