A) Earth-mass, in Earth-like orbits. About 97% of all confirmed exoplanets have been discovered using indirect techniques like this. C) calculated its orbit and predicted that it would return in 1758. C) determining its mass from its gravitational pull on a spacecraft, satellite, or planet. A planet's size can be determined by observing its transit across a star. the transit and Doppler methods together. 28) How do we think the "hot Jupiters" around other stars were formed? 1) Which of the following statements about comets and asteroids is true? Is it possible to determine the planet's mass from the star's velocity curve? The reason that most extrasolar planets are found close to their parent stars is the amount and frequency of the star's motion are both higher. With the Doppler technique, planet masses and orbits are inferred from the observed motions of their host stars. 20) A typical shooting star in a meteor shower is caused by a ________ entering Earth's. 5) Why do asteroids and comets differ in composition? So to make some sense of all the stuff I just said, most planets so far have been found using the Doppler and transit methods. Both the main detection techniques require relatively bright stars. 29) Which statement best describes the solar neutrino problem? 21) Suppose you put two protons near each other. 29) What would happen to the planets in a solar system where the central star did not have a, C) The gas in the solar nebula would create a drag on the planets and their orbits would migrate, 30) Which of the following is a consequence of the discovery of hot Jupiters for the nebular, C) It has been modified to allow for planets to migrate inwards or outwards due to gravitational, 31) Which of the following is a consequence of the discovery of hot Jupiters for understanding. 38) Which of the following statements about the sunspot cycle is not true? Discovering planets through the __________ requires obtaining and studying many spectra of the same star. Give your answer in grams per cubic centimeter. 27) In order to have a comet named after you, you have to, C) be one of the first three discoverers who report it to the International Astronomical Union. 25) Why must the Sun's rate of fusion gradually rise over billions of years? B) Jupiter-mass, in Jupiter-like orbits. 20) Which of the following terms is given to a pair of stars that appear to change positions in the, 21) Which of the following terms is given to a pair of stars that we can determine are orbiting. A planet’s density can be measured by combining E) a wide range of masses, in edge-on orbits. The transit method has the advantage of yielding a planet's size. 13) Why do we sometimes observe asteroids at the distances of the gaps in the asteroid belt? Based on these data, the planet's orbital period is about ______________________. The GAIA mission obtains astrometric data of stars with accuracy in some cases better than 10 microarcseconds. At least about 15% of stars have a planet similar in size to Earth. 27) How do we know what goes on under the surface of the Sun? 24) On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where would we find stars that are cool and luminous? 4) What two forces are balanced in what we call gravitational equilibrium? yes, by measuring both the star's orbital period and its change in velocity over the orbit. Choose the correct description of advantages gained if a planet can be detected by both methods. 37) Why won't Pluto collide with Neptune? D) remains the same, but the apparent brightness is decreased by a factor of four. The average separation of the planet and star, a, is simply the sum of the radii for circular orbits. 28) On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where would we find white dwarfs? Astronomers have discovered more planets around other stars than in our Solar System. The gas in the solar nebula would create a drag on the planets and their orbits would migrate inwards. 26) On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where on the main sequence would we find stars that. By transits? It shows that we do not fully understand the formation of our Solar System. B) Jupiter-mass, in Jupiter-like orbits. First, planets are found around stars more massive than the Sun which are young enough to have protoplanetary disks. Planets detected via the doppler technique have been. 19) Which planet search technique is currently best suited to finding Earth-like planets? A) Asteroids formed inside the frost line, while comets formed outside. By itself, the Doppler technique provides a measure of a planet’s. The Doppler technique watches for movement in stars by looking for periodic Doppler shifts. 16) The reason that most extrasolar planets are found close to their parent stars is. It has been modified to allow for planets to migrate inwards or outwards due to gravitational interactions. Its disadvantage is that it can yield only the planet's and orbital properties. Planets detected via the Doppler technique have been mostly Jupiter-mass, in very close orbits If every star had an Earth-like planet in an Earth-like orbit, how many could be detected by a transit? Transit photometry and Doppler spectroscopy have found the most, but these methods suffer from a clear observational bias favoring the detection of planets near the star; thus, 85% of the exoplanets detected are inside the tidal locking zone. Amateur astronomers are able to detect extrasolar planets with backyard telescopes using the transit method. It is large enough to block about 2.5% of the star's light. C) Their luminosity can be inferred from their period. What is an Exoplanet? D) near the radius at which they orbit today. What can you conclude about the extrasolar planets shown on this graph? This causes the parent star to “wobble” and the velocity of this wobble depends on the mass of the planet and the distance at which it orbits from the parent star. E) the orbital eccentricity of the planet. What are the strengths and limitations of the Doppler method? Current techniques can measure stellar motion to less than. 30) Why are neutrinos so difficult to detect? 12) The large gaps in the asteroid belt (often called Kirkwood gaps) are caused by. This graph plots planetary mass on the horizontal axis and planetary radius on the vertical axis. How much brighter is a Sun-like star than the reflected light from a planet orbiting around it? An extrasolar planet that is rocky and larger than Earth is often called a __________. A) A gap is located at an average orbital distance, and asteroid orbits often have large. Since the 1990s, astronomers have been monitoring nearby stars looking for evidence of Doppler shifts caused by orbiting planets. their masses are similar to jupiter but they are very close to the central star and therefore hot. jovian planets can form only in the cold, outer regions of a solar system. 19) What do we call a small piece of solar system debris found on Earth? What are the two main differences between extrasolar planetary systems discovered to date and our Solar System? C) Most stars in the cluster are yellow or reddish in color. E) Star 1 is 10 times more distant than Star 2. They formed as gas giants beyond the frost line and then migrated inwards. (Hint: To find the volume of the planet, use the formula for the volume of a sphere: 43π(radius)3. D) all of the above . #3) Which types of planets are most easily detected by Doppler measurements? Which of the following properties can be inferred from the star's orbital period? Assume that the migration hypothesis is the correct explanation for the hot Jupiters. 17) Which of the following persons reorganized the spectral classification scheme into the one, 18) Which of the following persons used the ideas of quantum mechanics to describe why the, 19) Suppose you see two main-sequence stars of the same spectral type. The first planets around other Sun-like stars were discovered. C) Jupiter-mass, in very close orbits. The Kepler mission uses the transit method to search for Earth-size planets in Earth-like orbits. The Doppler technique watches for movement in stars by looking for periodic Doppler shifts. However, then m p is large and m s is small it does have a noticable effect. 21) What characteristic distinguishes a meteorite from a terrestrial rock? D) the winding of magnetic field lines due to differential rotation. Much to the astronomy communities amazement, the first planet discovered via this technique was roughly half the size of Jupiter, but on an orbit significantly smaller than Mercury's! 39) What processes are involved in the sunspot cycle? The four graphs show Doppler data for four different stars. Notice the four locations marked by the bold numbers 1 through 4. C) Energy is transported outward by the rising of hot plasma and the sinking of cooler plasma. Which location represents a planet that has about the same composition as Earth but is larger in both size and mass. So we can only detect a small fraction of the existing planets. Question 8 0.5 out of 0.5 points Planets detected via the Doppler technique have been mostly Selected Answer: Jupiter-mass, in very close orbits. As of 2006, around 200 extrasolar planets have been identified using the radial velocity technique. Today, the leading hypothesis for the existence of hot Jupiters is that they formed in their outer solar systems and then migrated inward. B) Solar neutrinos have been detected, but in fewer numbers than predicted by theoretical. The total amount of light from a star-planet system drops when the planet goes behind the star. C) The rate of nuclear fusion in the Sun peaks about every 11 years. It is the change in frequency (and wavelength) due to relative motion of the source and observer. why are many of the newly detected extrasolar planets called hot jupiters. 20) How much mass does the Sun lose through nuclear fusion per second? The repeating pattern of the stellar motion, 23) A planet is detected via the Doppler technique. 12) Which of the following statements about apparent and absolute magnitudes is true? Its disadvantage is that it can yield only the planet's mass and orbital properties. extrasolar planet orbits tend to be closer and more eccentric than in our Solar System. The repeating pattern of the stellar motion tells us the orbital period of the planet. 23) The first step in the proton-proton chain produces an antielectron, or positron. Jupiter-mass, in very close orbits. The graph shows how a star's orbital speed varies with time because of the gravitational tug of an orbiting planet. The average separation of the planet and star, a, is simply the sum of the radii for circular orbits. A) the bubbling pattern on the photosphere produced by the underlying convection, B) areas of the corona where magnetic field lines project into space, allowing charged particles. A) It dredged up material that gave us our first direct look at Jupiter's interior composition. C) orbital eccentricity. A) the lowest layer in the atmosphere B) the part of the atmosphere that absorbs optical light C) the part of the atmosphere that absorbs ultraviolet D) the part of the atmosphere that absorbs X rays E) the highest layer in the atmosphere 36)A planet is detected via the Doppler technique. 24) The depth of the dip in a star's brightness due to the transit of a planet depends most directly. Currently, velocities of giant planets have been measured in the region of 1-100m/s. More extrasolar planets were later detected by observing the variation of the star’s apparent luminosity as an orbiting planet transited in front of it. 7) Which of the following correctly states the luminosity-distance formula? The mass of the planet is approximately 0.75 times the mass of Jupiter, and Jupiter's mass is about 1.9×1027 kilograms. 7) What are the appropriate units for the Sun's luminosity? 51 Pegasi is a planet whose orbital period is so short (4 days) that it must lie incredibly close to its star. Explore an interactive gallery of some of the most intriguing and exotic planets discovered so far. Armed with state-of-the-art telescopes and other high-tech tools, astronomers are spotting new worlds at an astonishing rate. It's best for detecting massive planets with close-in orbits. C) chunks of a larger asteroid that was shattered by a collision. Its disadvantage is that few planets have the necessary orbital alignment to even be detectable. The discovery of hot Jupiters led scientists to reconsider the nebuar theory. detecting the gravitational effect of an orbiting planet by looking for the Doppler shifts in the star's spectrum, Most of the planets discovered around other stars. Consider the planet that causes the stellar motion shown in Plot 2 (be sure you have clicked the "Plot 2" button in the lower window of the animation). 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