As for the Nazis, they considered her a Jew despite her conversion to Christianity; she was eventually murdered in a death camp as part of the Holocaust. Wolff promised to do his best but was conflicted, feeling that such an operation could alienate Italy and the entire Catholic world. According to historian Doris Bergen, “Many German Catholic clergy were initially suspicious of Nazism. Now Vatican records may reveal whether he collaborated with the Nazis. The Vatican is opening files on ‘Hitler’s Pope’ almost a decade ahead of schedule. Meanwhile, General Wolff revealed to the Vatican that Pius was in danger. John Jay Study Undermined by Its Own Data. He now had the full confidence of both the Vicar of Christ and the Antichrist, an incredible interworld feat. Pius XI signature. How could parish priests criticize a chancellor who had been recognized by their pope?"4. While it led some to question his character, he nevertheless passed an investigation by the Wiesenthal Center, clearing him of any accusation of antisemitism. They must liberate Mussolini and return him to power, he cried. Meanwhile, other German diplomats—and, the Vatican would say, the pope’s nephew—urged an eminent priest, whom Berlin trusted, to write an urgent note to a cooperative German commander in Italy that was to be wired to Berlin echoing Cardinal Maglione’s warning. Thus, no witnesses. The “most dangerous” cleric in modern history, to use John Cornwell’s phrase, was not Pope Pius XII but Hajj Amin al-Husseini, whose anti-Jewish Islamic fundamentalism was as dangerous in World War II as it is today . The pope loathed Hitler. Rahn then joined in a conspiracy with Wolff and several other like-minded German officials against the plot and went to see Hitler. Meanwhile, Wolff described Hitler’s order to Rudolf Rahn, the German ambassador to Italy, who was to be transferred from Rome to Fasano as the emissary to Mussolini’s new republic. He then ordered Cardinal Luigi Maglione, his secretary of state, to summon Ambassador Weizsaecker urgently and protest the action. In her letter, she argued: Everything that happened [in Germany] and continues to happen on a daily basis originates with a government that calls itself “Christian.” For weeks not only Jews but also thousands of fearful Catholics in Germany, and, I believe, all over the world have been waiting and hoping for the Church of Christ [the Roman Catholic Church] to raise its voice to put a stop to this abuse of Christ’s name. The Vatican quarreled with both Hitler and Mussolini on race, but hardly out of concern for the welfare of Jews. Assuming the other criteria for sainthood are met, not to proceed is to be complicit. By then it was too late. Playing on the church’s goals and weaknesses of the time, he managed to cow two popes into submission. However, the breakdown started in 1936 and ended with many Catholic priests being imprisoned. In the end, Joseph Goebbels’s position won out. . Dr. Paul Bookbinder discusses the roles of bystanders and resisters during the Holocaust. "1 Some who opposed the Nazis also urged great caution; they were fearful of attacks on priests and nuns. It had seemingly started well after Hitler was appointed Chancellor in January 1933. Pope Pius XII led the Catholic Church during the tumult of World War II, but his silence on the fate of the millions of Jews killed during the Holocaust has clouded his legacy with controversy. Copyright © 1997-2011 by Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights. And Hitler loathed him, viewing him as an obstacle to his —and Bormann’s—grandiose plan to capture the minds and souls of much of mankind after a victorious war. From columns in newspapers to a new book titled Hitlers Pope, the line is that Pius did not do enough to save Jews from the Holocaust and, therefore, that his imminent canonization would be provocative and unjust.. Church leaders and clergy held a range of opinions about National Socialism. Several months later, in May 1944, Wolff secretly met with Pius, who, having learned of the general’s role in helping to sabotage the kidnap plot, felt that the man must have some good in him, whatever his background. His visitor had simply confused his gods. Wolff could perhaps also save his own life if Germany lost the war and he was tried for his war crimes. Among the witnesses to this event were Msgr. But in the end the plot fell through. Both men agreed that the war would best end in an Allied-German alliance, without Hitler, to halt the Soviet advance on Europe. Pope Pius XII's actions to help persecuted Jews speak far louder than his alleged "silence," experts say. The princess told me she rushed to the Vatican and, interrupting a papal mass, blurted the news to the pope, crying, “Only you can stop them!”, “But they promised me that they would not touch the Jews in Rome!” Pius exclaimed. British journalist John Cornwell, for example, referred to Pope Pius XII (r. 1939–1958) as “Hitler’s Pope.” Far from collaborating with the Nazis, however, the Church of the time directly opposed them and repeatedly warned the faithful of the grave danger they posed. Pope Francis has decided to open secret Vatican archives on May 2, 2020, to reveal details about the papacy of World War II era pope Pius XII. According to Bergen: “The Concordat pulled the rug out from under potential Catholic opposition in Germany. But the German diplomats were afraid that he would nevertheless speak out publicly if the Roman Jews, his neighbors, were deported. However, the Vatican had plans for murdering 'Der Führer'. If the pope tried to escape (or was perceived as trying to), he, too, would be shot. The Pope, until then, had felt that if he spoke out strongly against the Jewish genocide, Hitler would not only attack the Vatican but would drag out the hundreds of thousands of Jews from the Vatican institutions in which they were hiding throughout occupied Europe, as well as their Christian protectors. The relationship between the Catholic Church and the hierarchy in Nazi Germany was fraught with difficulties. But Himmler had revealed to Wolff that Hitler had an additional secret mission in mind for him. (Catalyst, June, 2007) As soon as Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was ousted from power on July 25, 1943, Adolf Hitler began hatching a plan to kidnap Pope Pius XII and plunder the Vatican. What were the long-term consequences. In July 1933, Hitler and Pope Pius XI signed a concordat, or treaty. On p. 310 of Hitler's Pope, John Cornwell, after numbering the deported Roman Jews at 1,060, notes that "an unspecified number of Jews" were sheltered from deportation by the Vatican. At the end of the day, Hitler handled the Papacy with unsettling efficiency. In 1929, the Pope struck a peace deal with the Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini. The pope smiled forbearingly. As a minority in a country with a Protestant majority, Catholics had always felt vulnerable to accusations that they were not “true Germans” because of suspicions that they “took orders from Rome.” Over the years, they had protected their rights by organizing and supporting the Catholic Center Party. The general rose, clicked his heels together—and raised his arm in the Nazi salute! Historian Fritz Stern explains: On the face of it, the Vatican had scored a great triumph. And “we must occupy Rome” and “destroy the Vatican’s power, capture the pope, and say that we are protecting him.” The pope might even have to be killed. Then troops of the Hermann Goering Panzer Division would surge into the Vatican to “rescue” the pontiff and kill the disguised SS men, assuming they were Italian assassins rather than SS compatriots. In 1939, realizing what was at stake, Pius had actually joined in a conspiracy by some German generals to overthrow Hitler and, if necessary, a high Vatican official told me, to kill him. So, finally, Himmler ordered that the roundup stop after only about 1,000 of the 8,000 Roman Jews were picked up. Most of Hitler’s men seemed cool to an attack, fearing such a reaction. In Hitler's Pope, award-winning journalist John Cornwell shows that Eugenio Pacelli, Pope Pius XII, was instrumental in negotiating an accord that helped the Nazis' rise to unhindered power – and sealed the fate of the Jews in Europe.. . These are strong words and bold claims, but Hitchens goes on: The very first diplomatic accord undertaken by Hitler’s government was consummated on July 8, 1933, a few months after the seizure of power, and took the form of a treaty with the Vatican. Pope Pius XII was silent during the Holocaust. A deal with the new German state would demonstrate the patriotism of German Catholicism. It was decided to postpone dealing with Galen until the final victory. The question of Joseph Ratzinger’s involvement with Nazi Germany and the Hitler Youth is important in consideration of the life of the man who became Pope Benedict XVI. The plan called for soldiers of the SS Florian Geyer Cavalry, disguised in Italian uniforms, to invade the Vatican shielded by night, kill all members of the curia, and take the pope prisoner. Before he became Pope Benedict XVI, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger also spoke about the influence of the demonic in the life of Hitler — but explained that it absolved nothing. What were the short-term consequences of those options? And the pope, who had apparently been prepared to publicly condemn the roundup, felt there was no longer a need to do so now. The concordat was his first international agreement, and it vastly enhanced his respectability in Germany and abroad. “Hitler’s pope… He also has sharp criticism for the “rigid” conservative Catholics who back them, The Daily Mail reports. Bormann, Rahn told me, turned beet-red with anger as he, the ambassador, made his plea. No, says Rabbi David G. Dalin but there was a cleric in league with Hitler: the grand mufti of Jerusalem, Hajj Amin al-Husseini. Hitler’s Plan to Kidnap the Pope. Is not this idolization of race and governmental power which is being pounded into the public consciousness by the radio open heresy? . . . By the terms of the concordat the church renounced all political activities and in turn the state guaranteed the right to free worship, to circulate pastoral epistles, to maintain Catholic schools and property. But the pope did not openly criticize the Nazis until 1937. In July 1933, just six months after Hitler was appointed Chancellor, the … The Pope Pius XII was suspected of Nazi collaboration and was called Hitlers Pope. Since the end of World War II, Pope Pius XII — who reigned from 1939 to 1958 — has been accused of being “Hitler’s Pope” for his notable silence on the Holocaust and the deportation of Italian-born Jews. The kidnap plot had failed, but it had helped to shape the policies and attitudes of the pope, Hitler, and their subordinates during a most important segment of World War II history. Three days earlier, on September 10, German troops had marched into Rome, and German intelligence soon snatched Mussolini from captivity. Shaken, the ambassador responded, “I think of the consequences that a protest by the Holy See might precipitate.”. What did the Church do when Hitler broke his promises? This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, Spanish Translations from Holocaust and Human Behavior, The Weimar Republic: The Fragility of Democracy, Conformity and Consent in the National Community, Storm Troopers, Elite Guards, and Secret Police, Letter of Saint Edith Stein to Pope Pius XI in 1933, Facing History Scholar Reflections: Bystanders and Resisters. Francis is too polite to … But Hitler trusted his secretary most, and it appeared that his advice would be taken. Directed by Christopher Cassel. The only one present who strongly supported an attack was Martin Bormann, Hitler’s ruthless secretary, who wanted to replace Christianity with a new religion headed by the Fuehrer. It was headed Massacre of Pius XII with the Entire Vatican. The Catholic Church kept its side of the bargain. When he did, millions of Catholics joined the Nazi Party. With Andreas Berg, Arnas Danusas, Michael Deffert, Dan Nachtrab. In his new book “Let Us Dream,” Pope Francis takes aim at populist politicians whose rallies conjure memories of 1930s fascism, fanned by the likes of Adolf Hitler. The Vatican had reason to be satisfied: Catholic rights had been put on a new basis and at the same time a regime had been strengthened that seemed to correspond to the Vatican’s sense that Mussolini and Hitler were indispensable bulwarks against Bolshevism. Early literature on the war time leadership of Pius XII was positive, including Halecki and Murray's Pius XII: Eugenio Pacelli, Pope of Peace (1954) and Nazareno Padellaro's Portrait of Pius XII (first published in Italian in 1949). Later, more critical accounts were written. Archives of this nature are typically not released until 70 years after a pope’s death, but Francis has decided to release them about a decade early. That rainy morning, Princess Enza Pignatelli Aragona, a friend of Pius, was awakened by a phone call from a friend, who informed her of the arrests. What did Hitler hope to gain? At the same time, in Germany, General Wolff managed to convince Hitler that he would have a hard time suppressing an uprising in Italy if the pope felt forced to speak out and had to be dethroned. Feb. 12, 2013— -- When Benedict XVI ascended to the papacy after the death of Pope John Paul II in 2005, world Jewish leaders were nervous about the new German-born pope. As soon as Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was ousted from power on July 25, 1943, Adolf Hitler began hatching a plan to kidnap Pope Pius XII and plunder the Vatican. Was Pope Pius XII secretly in league with Adolf Hitler? Pope Pius XII (Eugenio Pacelli) during World War II met with Hitler several times. No government under Weimar had been willing to sign such a concordat, which would recognize the principal rights of the church—rights that presumably would render it immune from the kind of persecution it had suffered [in the past]. Stein, born a Jew, had converted to Catholicism in 1922 and had become a nun and a respected Catholic educator. Is not all this diametrically opposed to the conduct of our Lord and Savior, who, even on the cross, still prayed for his persecutors?2. Pope Pius XI did not respond to Edith Stein, nor did his successor, Cardinal Pacelli, who became Pope Pius XII in 1939. Award-winning author Dan Kurzman is the only journalist who ever interviewed General Karl Wolff. This event ended negotiations that began after Adolf Hitler became Germany’s chancellor on Jan. 30, 1933. Following the war Bishop Hudal, a German, helped Nazi war criminals escape to South America. This documentary tells the story about one of the biggest controversies of the twentieth century: the Vatican versus Nazi cruelties. What compromises did he make? That concern prompted officials of the Vatican to discuss with Hitler the possibility of an agreement: the Church would pledge to abstain from political activity in Germany in exchange for the Reich’s promise not to persecute the Catholic Church and its members. Two years ago, the Vatican made a deal with Beijing that bought the pope’s silence. According to notes that Wolff told me he had taken during and after the meeting, Hitler barked: “I want you and your troops to occupy Vatican City as soon as possible, secure its files and art treasures, and take the pope and the curia to the north,” probably Liechtenstein. Known as “Hitler’s Pope” Pope Pius XII did not do enough to try to save the doomed Jews of Europe. But Wolff, who revered the SS, may have been prompted as well by other more sordid details of the kidnap plot that were later discovered in a letter that one Italian fascist leader wrote to another. His newly released book, A Special Mission: Hitler’s Secret Plot to Seize the Vatican and Kidnap Pope Pius XII, is available from Da Capo Press. Now, as the Nazis were outlawing opposing political parties (see reading, Outlawing the Opposition), Catholics had to decide whether to continue to support the party. As word of these talks spread, Edith Stein wrote an urgent letter to the pope. Historian Fritz Stern explains: On the face of it, the Vatican had scored a great triumph. Roman Catholic opposition at this point was limited to isolated individuals who could easily be removed from their positions and lacked the support of their Church. *Material from this website may be reprinted and disseminated with accompanying attribution. And on October 16, the Gestapo in Rome began rounding up the Jews. They saw Nazi ideas as anti-Christian, especially the emphasis on race and blood and the obvious disrespect for human life . . . some priests had refused to administer the sacrament of communion to church members in Stormtrooper or SS uniforms. What effect did it have on the way other nations perceived the Nazi government? And Wolff assured the pope that he would try to frustrate any new plot against him. Referring to the threat of an Allied invasion of Italy, he added: “I do not want the pope to fall into the hands of the Allies or to be under their political pressure and influence.”. As journalist and scholar John Cornwell noted, in his book “Hitler’s Pope,” the discussions “were conducted exclusively by Pacelli on behalf of the Pope over the heads of the faithful, the clergy and the German bishops.” Consider the different ways that the German Christian movement and the Confessing Church movement navigated their relationships with the Nazi government. The general, who had previously served as Himmler’s chief of staff, suspected why. Some Catholic leaders welcomed Hitler’s call to “overcome the un-Germanic spirit” and feared that “atheistic communism” was more of a threat to the Catholic Church than the Nazis were. A great moral authority had trusted his word. Besides, he worshipped power, and the pope, like Hitler, was one of the world’s most powerful leaders. The grand mufti was the Nazi collaborator par excellence. The risks, he said, to both the pope personally and the Church were incalculable. Hitler had even more reason to be satisfied. The world, like the panzer soldiers, would be led to believe that the “Italians” were guilty. But he would eventually betray one of them—surrendering the entire German army in Italy, on his own, to the Americans. Clearly, the word “kidnap” was on both their minds. In 1933, almost 40% of Germany’s population was Roman Catholic. Pius XII has long been vilified as "Hitler's pope", accused of failing publicly to condemn the genocide of Europe's Jews. The problem is that the campaign against Pacelli is a defamation. Ernst von Weizsaecker, the German ambassador to the Vatican, another anti-Hitler conspirator, tried to convince Pius that he should remain silent when the Nazis rounded up the Jews of Rome. What effect did the concordat have on opposition to the Nazis within Germany? In 1943, as the tension between the two men grew, Monsignor Domenica Tardini, the Vatican’s assistant secretary of state, told the cardinals to “keep a suitcase ready because we might be deported at any time.” The pope himself called a meeting of cardinals to choose a possible successor in case he was kidnapped. The publisher's description of Hitler's Pope, (The Secret History of Pius XII) :. “Hitler’s mufti” is truth. Rabbi Dalin's book titled THE MYTH OF HITLER'S POPE is a well documented book which gives Pope Pius XII the credit which he deserves. What other options did it have? About six weeks later, on September 13, SS General Karl Wolff, the SS commander in Italy, received a phone call from his boss, SS Chief Heinrich Himmler, orchestrator of the Holocaust. Even Himmler, who had been meeting secretly with the German Resistance, was uncertain; he had to choose between striking the Church, which he hated, and seeking to improve his image in Allied eyes in case Germany lost the war. But did the Vatican . . . really believe that National Socialism would abide by the concordat, was there really much likelihood that the regime would leave untouched a rival organization with its own dogmas and with such sweeping power over education?3, In the months and years after the concordat was signed, the Nazis regularly violated the agreement by shutting down some Catholic organizations, confiscating church property, interfering with Catholic newspapers, and imprisoning or murdering clergy and other Church leaders. If he did, they argued, there was virtually no chance that Hitler would cancel his kidnap plan. In July 1933, Hitler and Pope Pius XI signed a concordat, or treaty. Clearly, the Fuehrer thought, the “Jew-loving” pope had encouraged King Victor Emanuel II and some rival fascist leaders to overthrow his Italian puppet. The following day Hitler called for an urgent meeting of his military leaders. Others opposed the Nazis. This number is freely available, Cornwell must have known it well: about 5,000. Pacelli first agreed to help Hitler in 1933, when as a Vatican diplomat he promised Hitler he'd disband a German Catholic political party in a deal that protected the Vatican's rights in Germany. Everything you need to get started teaching your students about racism, antisemitism and prejudice. By Dan Kurzman. Wolff was overwhelmed when the pope then blessed him. Himmler, Wolff told me, bellowed that the Fuehrer wanted to see him urgently. Get insight into the German public opinion on Hitler's invasion of Poland in 1939 with these primary source excerpts.Â, Learn about role the Soviet Union played in the Nazis’ plans for “space and race.”. The Duce was now to regain power in Nazi-occupied northern Italy, and Wolff would be sent to the capital in Fasano, near Salo, primarily to make sure that Mussolini followed the Nazi line. According to this message, which repeated what a high SS official (perhaps Wolff) told the fascist writer, the purpose of the plot was to avenge “the papal protest in favor of the Jews”— apparently referring to an expected papal outcry when the Roman Jews were rounded up. Clearly, the Fuehrer thought, the “Jew-loving” pope had encouraged King Victor Emanuel II and some rival fascist leaders to overthrow his Italian puppet. If the people learned that their pope had been abducted, Rahn told the Fuehrer and his chief lieutenants, they might rise up against the Germans. The two men, although holding diametrically contrary views, were to the calculating general like earthly gods. As the princess departed, the pope promised, “I’ll do all I can.”, When Weizsaecker arrived for a meeting with Maglione, he said he would “try to do something for these poor Jews.” But, he asked, “what would the Holy See do if these things were to continue?”. Hitler wanted him to stand trial before the People’s Court. Still, he felt, his mission might be useful—if he could sabotage it and obtain a blessing from Pius for saving his life and the Church itself. “The Holy See would not want to be faced with the need to express its disapproval,” the cardinal answered …”If the Holy See were forced to [protest], it would trust the consequences to Divine Providence.” In other words, he would speak out publicly if the roundup of Jews continued. And friends of the pope prepared a plan for him to flee to Spain if necessary, though he vowed to remain in the Vatican unless he was carried out. Both men agreed that the Fuehrer wanted to see Hitler the plot and went see... 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