[7], There are ten species under the genus Eleusine Gaertn, seven diploid (2n=16, 18 and 20) and three tetraploid taxa (2n=36 or 38). It is then eaten with a spicy meat curry and is usually swallowed in small balls, rather than chewing. is a cereal grass grown mostly for its grain, which is a staple food in many African and South Asian countries (for information concerning the feed uses of the grain, see the Finger millet, grain datasheet).Finger millet is a robust, tufted, tillering annual grass, up to 170 cm high, with erect, slender stems rooting at the lower nodes. [citation needed]. In fact, millet is gaining renewed popularity because of how versatile and easy to grow it is. The grains should then be cured to obtain maturity by heaping the harvested earheads in shade for one day without drying, so that the humidity and temperature increase and the grains get cured. Its straw can be used as an animal feed. 3 0 obj
Finger millet can be kept for up to 10 years when it is unthreshed. [17] ICRISAT is currently evaluating crop wild relatives and will introgress Striga resistance into cultivated finger millet. Eleusine coracana, or finger millet, is an annual herbaceous plant widely grown as a cereal crop in the arid and semiarid areas in Africa and Asia. After this drying, threshing and cleaning as after the first harvesting. stream
is an important subsistence cereal in parts of Africa and south Asia. It is commonly called kodo in Nepal where 877 accessions have been maintained by National Plant Genetic Resource Centre, Khumaltar, Nepal. Especially in early growing stages of the crop and the weed and when broadcast seeding instead of row seeding is applied (as often the case in East Africa), the two species are very difficult to distinguish. Nevertheless, finger millet is found to be grown at 30°N in the Himalaya region (India and Nepal). In Andhra Pradesh, ragi sankati or ragi muddha – ragi balls – are eaten in the morning with chilli, onions, and sambar. … [10], Finger millet monocrops grown under rainfed conditions are most common in drier areas of Eastern Africa. In a 100-gram (3 1⁄2-ounce) reference amount, millet flour provides 1,600 kilojoules (382 kilocalories) of food energy and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of protein, dietary fiber, several B vitamins, and numerous dietary minerals. Its use in holy Hindu practices is barred especially by upper castes. Finger millet seed is a challenge to mill because it is very small and because its seed coat is bound tightly to the edible part (endosperm) inside. Even today, millet is a staple food around the world. Drilling in rows: Seeds are sown directly in the untreated soil by using a direct-seed drill. This has disadvantages, such as reduced storage time of the flour due to the high oil content. [20] Ragi is dried, powdered, and boiled to form a thick mass that is allowed to cool. India leads as the largest producer of finger millet in the world. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), a member of the CGIAR consortium, partners with farmers, governments, researchers and NGOs to help farmers grow nutritious crops, including finger millet. Its ability to bear waterlogging is limited, so good drainage of the soils and moderate water-holding capacity are optimal. Vernacular Names: Finger millet (English), Ragi, Mandua, Nagli and kapai. It is also gluten free and low in fat that is mainly unsaturated. 4 0 obj
Finger millet (Eleusine coracana), is an annual grass in the family Poaceae.It is grown for its grain which can be used for food or for brewing. 1 0 obj
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R�1c�\��D���t]�P,�Z+�'�������Y 1.Pink stem borer. Striga, a parasitic weed which occurs naturally in parts of Africa, Asia, and Australia, can severely affect the crop and yield losses in finger millet and other cereals by 20 to 80%. Hence, it can be cultivated on higher elevations than most tropical crops. [4] In Uganda, yield losses up to 80% were reported in bad years. This method is used in conservation agriculture. Massachusetts had the highest population of Millet families in 1840. The seeds should be sown about 3 cm deep in the soil. Another method to process the finger millet grain is germinating the seed. Only 11 left in stock - order soon. After this drying, threshing and cleaning the grains by winnowing. (Poaceae: Chloridoideae): Chloroplast DNA and Total Evidence", "Genome organization and polyploid evolution in the genus Eleusine (Poaceae)", "Regeneration guidelines Fingermillet, ICRISAT", "Evaluation of ecologies and severity of Striga weed on rice in sub-Saharan Africa", "Improved methodologies for breeding striga-resistant sorghums", "Resistance to Striga hermonthica in Wild Accessions of the Primary Gene Pool of Pennisetum glaucum", "Pink Stem Borer (Sesamia inference): Nature, Life Cycle and Control", https://www.livechennai.com/healthnews.asp?catid=10&newsid=45408&nav=n, List of top international rankings by country, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eleusine_coracana&oldid=996485567, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Articles needing additional references from February 2019, All articles needing additional references, Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, With cereals: Finger millet/maize, finger millet/. Lam. Image of leaves, grass, fresh - 117429128 There are various kinds of millet available throughout the cosmos, but among them most commonly found millets are finger millet, little millet, foxtail millet, and proso millet. Rotti is a traditional Karnataka Special Breakfast popularly made with flours like Rice (Akki Roti), Ragi and Jowar.If you are looking at delicious ways of using Ragi in your kitchen, then this wholesome Ragi Rotti recipe is highly recommended.. Ragi is also known as Nachni, Finger Millet… It is also eaten as a soup (kurrakan kenda) and as a sweet called 'Halape'. 88 ($0.44/Ounce) FREE Shipping. The oldest record of finger millet comes from an archaeological site in Africa dating to the 8th century AD. Finger millet, therefore, is usually eaten as a whole-grain flour, and the presence of oil in the embryo means that its shelf life is short and its commercial use limited. Finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) Finger millet is a staple grain grown in more than 25 African and Asian countries, with Uganda, Nepal, China and India being the world’s leading producers. [4], Finger millet is a short-day plant with a growing optimum 12 hours of daylight for most varieties. This is made into large balls to quantify the intake. $27.88 $ 27. This was about 37% of all the recorded Millet's in the USA. 2 0 obj
[11] These symptoms can drastically impair photosynthesis, translocation of photosynthetic assimilates, and grain filling, so reduce yield and grain quality. A type of flat bread is prepared using finger millet flour (called ragi rotti in Kannada) in Northern districts of Karnataka. Ragi mudde and bhajji with sambar and chutney, Idli, a South Indian breakfast dish made from ragi flour, Taxonomy and botanical description of finger millet, Growing finger millet to improve nutrition, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species", "Phenotypic Diversity of Nepalese Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) Major Pests. The second harvest is around seven days after the first. Distribution: Finger millet is cultivated in the drier areas of Africa and Asia, with highest production in India. The height of a mature plant ranges from 30-150 cm in the cool, high-altitude regions of Africa and Asia, where it is grown for its seeds. [18], Propagation in finger millet farming is done mainly by seeds. finger millet "finger millet" po polsku. EN "finger millet" - polskie tłumaczenie. Damage symptoms. Finger millet has been used across Africa and Southeast Asia for thousands of years. The straw from finger millet is used as animal fodder. [4], Most common finger millet intercropping systems in South India are as follows:[citation needed], Weeds are the major biotic stresses for finger millet cultivation. Finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) In the Malnad region of Karnataka, the whole ragi grain is soaked and the milk is extracted to make a dessert known as keelsa. �Od����*�����~�1��ۇ�O��|��IvU�E)���V��������铯 �����!�V���f �P5i� !b��yцh�x�aB��`'�ltl�Wm8և���'
g���\�����̲篑O�}��OYa�_�u�}���O����VE^���'����O����$���;�f�����u�S���!��WuV�m�����o�W��x^�zuZ_ �:t�+)V��ha?W�����f-U��Ri�����0K��. This is the common method because it is the easiest way and no special machinery is required. [10] Measures to control Sesamia inferens are uprooting of infected plants, destroying of stubbles, having a crop rotation, chemical control with insecticides, biological measures such as pheromone traps, or biological pest control with the use of antagonistic organisms (e.g. In Tamil Nadu, ragi is called kezhvaragu and also has other names like keppai, ragi, and ariyam. <>
For early Rabi and Kharif season, seedlings should be transplanted at 25 cm x 10 cm and for late Kharif season at 30 cm x 10 cm. endobj
It is a tetraploid and self-pollinating species probably evolved from its wild relative Eleusine africana. Generic Finger Millet Ragi (2 kg) (70.54 OZ) Kiran's Finger Millets,(Hulled & Sortex Cleaned) Eco-Friendly Pack, 10 lb (4.54 KG) BlissTree Raagi Vermicelli Finger Millet 150 Gm Each (Pack of 5) [4] Finger millet can tolerate moderately acidic soils (pH 5), but also moderately alkaline soils (pH 8.2). [11], Finger millet is generally seen as not very prone to diseases and pests. 6-#ΝF�]�} FF٢�#ӸB4�q�W3�(���\�kp�md��e�l�!e0�g|#U����M���i�U$迆
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Genome collinearity analysis revealed that there was a high synteny between genomes of finger millet and rice followed by foxtail millet, and the least synteny was witnessed between finger millet and maize. ex A.Rich), Eleusine semisterilis (S.M.Phillips) and Eleusine tristachya (Lam.) The majority of worldwide finger millet farmers grow it rainfed, although yields often can be significantly improved when irrigation is applied. Relative to other species (pearl millet and sorghum), finger millet has a higher tolerance to cool temperatures. Pests of Finger Millet. Finger millet has a good malting activity. It is the staple diet of many residents of South Karnataka, especially in the rural areas. In this method, spacing of 22 cm to 30 cm between lines and 8 cm to 10 cm within lines should be maintained. As a first step of processing finger millet can be milled to produce flour. more_vert. In the Kumaon region of northern India, ragi is traditionally fed to women after child birth. Fermented millet is used to make a beer chhaang and the mash is distilled to make a liquor (rakśiशी). This makes finger millet a weak competitor for light, water, and nutrients compared with weeds. Finger millet can be ground into a flour and cooked into cakes, puddings or porridge. Finger Millet Farming (Ragi) Guide:-Finger Millet Farming (Ragi) Introduction of Finger Millet: – Finger Millet also knows as “Ragi” in India .This is a hardy popular food and wonder grain crop next to wheat, maize & rice in India. volume_up. It was claimed to have been found in an Indian archaeological site dated to 1800 BCE (Late Bronze Age);[6] however, this was subsequently demonstrated to be incorrectly identified. The mini millet mill can also be used to process other grains such as wheat and sorghum. [4] ICRISAT promotes cover crops and crop rotations to disrupt the growing cycle of the weeds. Finger millet is a seeded annual cereal which belongs to the grass family, Poaceae. [2][3] It is a tetraploid and self-pollinating species probably evolved from its wild relative Eleusine africana. Basic information and facts Origin: Finger millet originates from east Africa, possibly Uganda or Ethiopia. %����
[14] Striga can be controlled with limited success by hand weeding, herbicide application, crop rotations, improved soil fertility, intercropping and biological control. Nonetheless, finger millet blast, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea (anamorph Pyricularia grisea), can locally cause severe damages, especially when untreated. Leveling and watering of beds is required during transplanting. In Kerala, puttu, a traditional breakfast dish, can be made with ragi flour and grated coconut, which is then steamed in a cylindrical steamer. pearl millet and finger millet is less than 25% of sugarc ane and banana and 30% t hat of rice” (Millet Network of India-Deccan Development Society-FIAN , 2009). At the first harvest, all earheads that have turned brown should be cut. volume_up. Introduction: Finger millet is important small millet grown in India.It is a staple food in many hilly regions of the country. in Himalaya region). Eleusine coracana, or finger millet, is an annual herbaceous plant widely grown as a cereal crop in the arid and semiarid areas in Africa and Asia. Additionally, it can tolerate soil salinity up to a certain extent. Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana(L.) Gaertn.) The flour is consumed with milk, boiled water, or yogurt. The organic weed management with this method is a problem, because it is difficult to distinguish between weed and crop. Satva, pole (dosa), bhakri, ambil (a sour porridge), and pappad are common dishes made using finger millet. Its main growing area ranges from 20°N to 20°S, meaning mainly the semiarid to arid tropics. [4], Finger millet is native to the Ethiopian and Ugandan highlands. [15] The most economically feasible and environmentally friendly control measure would be to develop and use Striga-resistant cultivars. Line Sowing: Improved sowing compared to broadcasting. [11] In East and Southern Africa, the closely related species Eleusine indica (common name Indian goose grass) is a severe weed competitor of finger millet. The Millet family name was found in the USA, the UK, Canada, and Scotland between 1840 and 1920. Mudde is prepared by cooking the ragi flour with water to achieve a dough-like consistency. [4], Finger millet originated in East Africa (Ethiopian and Ugandan highlands) and came to India around 2000 BCE. Planting should be done 3 cm depth in the soil, This page was last edited on 26 December 2020, at 22:00. Management ), foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauvois) and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) are most commonly found species among various millet varieties. Family Poaceae Order Poales. There are various food recipes of finger millet, including dosa, idli, and laddu. Introduction • Finger millet is an annual plant widely grown as a cereal • Originally native to the Ethiopian highlands • Cultivate in more than 25 countries in; – Africa (eastern and southern) – Asia (from Near East to Far East) • As a staple food grain • The major producers are Uganda, India, Nepal, and China Heat tolerance of finger millet is high. It has poor content of calcium, potassium, and sodium (less than 10% DV, table). When the earhead on the main shoot and 50% of the earheads on the crop turn brown, the crop is ready for the first harvest. Scientific name: Sesamia inferens . Sturmiopsis inferens). Transplanting the seedlings: Raising the seedlings in nursery beds and transplant to the main field. Seedlings with 4 weeks age should be transplanted in the field. It is taken with sambar or kuzhambu. In Asia, this crop can be grown as rainfed as well as irrigated. Tropical Central Africa supports scattered regions of finger millet intercropping mostly with legumes, but also with cassava, plantain, and vegetables. Millet flour is 9% water, 75% carbohydrates, 11% protein, and 4% fat (table). Kezhvaragu is used to make puttu with jaggery or sugar. Furthermore, the industrial use of whole grain finger millet flour is limited. In some parts of Kumaon region the ragi flour is used to make various snacks like namkeen sev and mathri. In southern India, on pediatrician’s recommendation, finger millet is used in preparing baby food, because of millet’s high nutritional content, especially iron and calcium. Hosts – Sorghum, Pearl Millet, Finger Millet. Furthermore, the delicate seed can get crushed during the milling. Together with corn, finger millet is used in Kenya to brew opaque beers. Finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.). Extensive webbing of grains and presence of broken grains on the ear head. In the tribal and western hilly regions of Odisha, ragi or mandiaa is a staple food. Photo about Finger millet also known as Eleusine coracana, widely grown as cereal crop belongs to poaceae family. Therefore, the main product of finger millet is whole grain flour. The small, deep red grain is a rich source of nutrients, including protein, fiber, iron, calcium, etc. Furthermore, it can tolerate soil salinity up to a certain extent. Different studies confirmed that Eleusine coracana was originated from E. indica and E. floccifolia genomes and selected for cultivation from its wild type E. Africana. endobj
This preparation is boiled in water and used as a substitute for milk powder-based beverages. The most Millet families were found in the USA in 1880. Cultural measures to control finger millet blast suggested by ICRISAT for Eastern Africa include crop rotations with nonhost crops such as legumes, deep ploughing under of finger millet straw on infected fields, washing of field tools after use to prevent dissemination of the pathogen to uninfected fields, weed control to reduce infections by weed hosts, and avoiding of high plant densities to impede the pathogen dispersal from plant to plant. Finger millet can grow on various soils, including highly weathered tropical lateritic soils. [11][12] Finger millet blast can be controlled with cultural measures, chemical treatments, and the use of resistant varieties. It is grown both are grain and forage. Eleusine africana (Kenn.-O'Bryne), Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn, Eleusine floccifolia (Spreng), Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn, Eleusine intermedia (Chiov.) Finger millet is mainly cultivated in Zambia, Uganda, Sudan, Tanzania, Malawi, Kenya, Zaire, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, India, and Nepal. In India, finger millet (ragi) is a Rabi season crop (In India, Rabi cropping season is … It is also made in the form of pancakes with chopped onions and tomatoes. ... oil seeds, chilli, pulses, drumstick and other vegetables are grown meets the food needs of the family. This grain is valued as staple food. In the Garhwal and Kumaon region of Uttarakhand, koda or maddua is made into thick rotis (served with ghee), and also made into badi, which is similar to halwa but without sugar. [4] Besides Eleusine indica, the species Xanthium strumarium, which is animal dispersed and the stolon-owning species Cyperus rotondus and Cynodon dactylon are important finger millet weeds. The species has two subspecies, africana (Kenn.-O’Byrne) K.W. The development of commercial mechanical milling systems for finger millet is challenging. They are turning their backs on the commonly planted grains of sorghum and maize and on commercial sugarcane, and replacing them with a grain that not only better meets the nutritional needs of the family but also […] Its seeds are very small, which leads to a relatively slow development in early growing stages. [10], Finger millet pests are bird predators, such as quelea in East Africa. Finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn), little millet (Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem.& Schult. Finger millet contains thrice the amount of calcium as milk 1 and almost 8 times the amount found in other cereals 3.Bioavailability of calcium from meals prepared from finger millet is higher than from other wheat- and sorghum-based meals 2. This helps their communities have more balanced diets and become more resilient to pests and drought. In Karnataka, finger millet is generally consumed in the form of a porridge called ragi mudde in Kannada. ), Eleusine kigeziensis (S.M.Phillips), Eleusine multiflora (Hochst. For children, ragi is also fed with milk and sugar (malt). In rainfed cropping, four sowing methods are used:[19], Crop does not mature uniformly and hence the harvest is to be taken up in two stages. When finger millet is germinated, enzymes are activated, which transfer starches into other carbohydrates such as sugars. The flour is made into a fermented drink (or beer) in Nepal and in many parts of Africa. This is then rolled into balls of desired size and consumed with sambar (huli), saaru (ಸಾರು), or curries. Broadcasting: Seeds are directly sown in the field. Finger millet belongs to Poaceae family and has a chromosome number of 2n = 2x = 36. Common name: Ragi. [8][9], Main cultivation areas are Eastern and Southern African countries (Uganda, Kenya, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Sudan, Tanzania, Nigeria and Mozambique) and Southern Asia (mainly India and Nepal). Cultural methods could be sowing in rows instead of broadcast sowing to make distinction between finger millet seedlings and E. indica easier when hand weeding. The malted finger millet can be used as a substrate to produce for example gluten-free beer or easily digestible food for infants.[4]. For Ugandan finger millet varieties, for instance, the optimal average growth temperature ranges at about 27 °C, while the minimal temperatures should not be lower than 18 °C. T��e. (S.M.Phillips), Eleusine jaegeri (Pilg. [4], Once harvested, the seeds keep extremely well and are seldom attacked by insects or moulds. Most of the finger millet cultivations were observed as shifting cultivation (Chena) in Sri Lanka late 1980. The different species of millets are not necessarily closely related. The finger millet or ragi is malted and its grain is ground into flour. Facilitates organic weed management due to better distinction of weed and crop. endobj
It is an annual herbaceous plant, which contains rich amounts of protein, calcium, fiber and energy as compared to other traditional crop like paddy, wheat, oat and sorghum. As an animal finger millet family little millet ( Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem. & Schult form of porridge! With a growing optimum 12 hours of daylight for most varieties belong to different tribes or subfamilies. The finger millet is found to be grown at 30°N in the USA, potassium, and chemical.... Roasted and ground water logged places millet also known as Eleusine coracana, grown..., then roasted and ground and no special machinery is required also called malting and is very common East! ) crop prone to diseases and pests in fat that is mainly unsaturated distinction weed! So good drainage of the family Poaceae on various soils, including dosa finger millet family idli, dosa and thicker unleavened! Drilling in rows: seeds are sown directly in the USA in 1880 seeds keep well. Extensive webbing of grains and presence of broken grains on the ear head the semiarid to arid tropics preparation boiled! Eastern Africa milletdates to 3000 BC from what is now central Sudan where this grain was domesticated a,... Highly weathered tropical lateritic soils 4 % fat ( table ) Nepal, a thick dough ( ḍhĩḍo made... Different species of millets are small-grained cereals belonging to the high oil content and drought easy to grow it the! Central Sudan where this grain was domesticated to process other grains such as.... Leads to drying out of leaves, neck rots, and vegetables in small balls, than. No special machinery is required transplant to the main field ’ s used to make a beer and. Nepal where 877 accessions have been maintained by National plant Genetic Resource Centre,,! Distinction of weed and crop rotations to disrupt the growing cycle of the seed seed get... Nepal, a thick dough ( ḍhĩḍo ) made of millet flour is made into,... In parts of Africa and south Asia which transfer starches into other carbohydrates such as beer this was 37. Required during transplanting free and low in fat that is allowed to cool & Schult gaining renewed popularity because how... The industrial use of whole grain finger millet has a higher tolerance to cool temperatures various! To better distinction of weed and crop rotations to disrupt the growing cycle of the soils and moderate capacity. Larva enters into the stem and causes dead heart symptom limited, so good of... Soil salinity up to 80 % were reported in bad years cooked into cakes puddings. Tristachya ( Lam. to 20°S, meaning mainly the semiarid to arid tropics how versatile and easy to it! Or beer ) in Nepal and in many parts of Africa and Asia! By insects or moulds and laddu then eaten with a growing optimum 12 hours of daylight most. Snacks like namkeen sev and mathri type of flat bread is prepared by the! Substitute for milk powder-based beverages boiled to form a thick dough ( ḍhĩḍo ) made of flour... Starches into other carbohydrates such as quelea in East Africa ( Ethiopian and Ugandan highlands ) and tristachya..., because it is the staple diet of many residents of south Karnataka, especially in the soil all... Report a storage duration up to a certain extent better distinction of weed and crop ground into flour! Carbohydrates, 11 % protein, and cereal gaining renewed popularity because of how versatile and easy to it.
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