USGS has helped to develop and promote these scenarios, creating video simulations and other information that engage and inform those who would be affected by these potential seismic events. Thus, the interior and exterior layers of the wall behaved independently and separated each other during the earthquake. -793 003, Meghalaya, 2008. Hence it is crucial to perform earthquake hazard assessment across the country and subsequently develop and implement strategies for earthquake risk mitigation. Therefore, assessing vulnerability is necessary to estimate the earthquake Development of Seismic Hazard Map for Klang Valley. Propagation of wave from hypocenter that results surface sliding is perceived as earthquake [3]. Thus, shear failure which is a critical type of concrete column damage occurs at these columns. 1994. Seismic load in structural design are considered to resist earthquake effect on structures. Earthquake Mitigation, introduces earthquake hazards and describes measures that can help reduce the risk of life and property should an earthquake occur at the school. Nonstructural Earthquake Mitigation Guidance Manual. and Ates et al. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities. One- and two-story masonry buildings are common in the rural areas because they require easy workmanship. When two plates move with respect to each other, elastic strain energy is accumulated in results of tectonic processes. Structural mitigation – construction projects which reduce economic and social impacts 2. It should be refrained to construct large window and door openings. GEOTECHNICAL MITIGATION STRATEGIES FOR EARTHQUAKE SURFACE FAULT RUPTURE Nicolas K. Oettle, S.M. The evaluation of the seismic risk is considered essential to define strategic urban and emergency planning management actions and should be based on the analysis of the buildings, the exposed population and their emergency interaction. recur if the current dam configurations prevail. in seismic design are; seismic zone factor, important factor of the building, reduction factor, site coefficient for soil characteristic and fundamental period of vibration. Earthquake loads increase the shear force. The seismic performance of the masonry buildings relates to the in-plane stiffness of the walls. fact that no significant tectonic earthquakes which. Buildings are sometimes constructed adjacent because of the lack of building lots. The worst earthquake disaster in the modern years occurred in North Sumatra at Banda Aceh. b)Punblic Awareness. Calayır et al. for Science Education, North Eastern Hill University Bijni Complex, Laitumkhrah, Shillong Sumatra, Java, the Sunda Islands (Bali, Lombok, Flores, Sumba) and [8] As the thickness of the walls is relatively large, these stone walls are constructed by using more than one stone along the thickness direction [28]. © 2017 The Author(s). This situation leads Indonesia to be part of the region that has the highest seismic potential in the world. Core is the innermost layer and divides into two parts as fluid outer core and solid inner core. damage, casualties and disruption. b)Safe location of the buildings. WCDR, A Re v i ew o f Disaster Management Policies and Systems in Pakistan, Islamabad, These earthquakes struck Erciş (Van) district and Edremit (Van) district on 2011. To know the topic Natural hazards and disaster: Mitigation strategies, we must first understand the meaning of natural hazards, disasters and there difference.. Natural hazard and disaster are almost inter-related with each other and that is why it is difficult to know the difference between the two. US-Asia Conference on Engineering for Mitigating Natural Hazards Damage Thailand [8] Malaysian Meteorological Service. A Study of Earthquake Acceleration Response to Peninsular Malaysia. Seismo-Tectonic Map of Malaysia. Strip slip fault graphical presentation and mechanism [7]. Earthquakes and Structural Damages, Earthquakes - Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation, Taher Zouaghi, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/65425. Pressure shift arose from these action and cooling stages in mantle causes stresses in the earth crust. Facebook. occurred along the Bukit Tinggi Fault Zone, which is believed to be a strike-slip fault, and related to, (JMGM) and Malaysia Meteorological Department (, Sarawak has experienced earthquakes of mainly local origins. If bond beams are not used in the corners or connection, two walls are not properly anchored each other, intensity of the cracks increases and these cracks spread along the height of the wall. The annual probability of experiencing a tsunami with Lateral forces that occurred by an earthquake are carried by columns and shear walls. Although earthquakes cause death and destruction through such … 15 16 17. Earthquake - Earthquake - Methods of reducing earthquake hazards: Considerable work has been done in seismology to explain the characteristics of the recorded ground motions in earthquakes. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. from emergencies and their effects in the shortest. This situation causes brittle failures at the end of the columns. In such a design during an earthquake while deep and rigid beams show elastic behavior, shear failure or compression crushing causes plastic hinges at flexible columns. 11. Non Structural Mitigation Against Earthquake A Case Study Of Istanbul Museums 1 Introduction The Exposure Marmara And. c)Good workmanship and adequate supervision. The regional hazard depicts the expected peak ground acceleration with 10% exceedance probability in 50 years. assessing the threats posed by hazards to communities and are evaluate the local characteristics that contribute to the vulnerability and risk of inhabitants of Broaden awareness of the risk for earthquake damage and the need for earthquake insurance and mitigation through proactive outreach to civic and community organizations throughout California. Siddhartha Sengupta - July 22, 2020 . We are IntechOpen, the world's leading publisher of Open Access books. These damages generally occur near openings, because most of the masonry buildings don’t have sufficient and proper bond beams that distribute the lateral forces uniformly and enhance the lateral strength of the walls. Note that in civil and structural engineering, the term “structural” … Liquefaction is the phenomena when there is loss of strength in saturated and cohesionless soils because of increased pore water pressures and hence reduced effective stresses due to dynamic loading. hazards created by a disaster. The methodology specifically relies on; (1) the Process of construction should be controlled by the local government and professional civil engineers. Liquefaction Phenomenon and Mitigation Strategies for Soil Engineering. Earthquake Disaster Preparedness in Malaysia, Earthquake Response and Recovery in Malaysia. Section 5 evaluates lessons learned from earthquake damages and failure experience from this type of natural hazards. The researches done by the author involve investigation and solution of the problems created by damaging earthquakes. Failure mechanism of strong beam–weak column can be seen in Figure 15. Twitter. investigated the seismic performance of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings after 2011 Simav (Turkey) earthquake [29]. Zhao et al. Klang Valley. In these walls, stones are placed in a random order. Pakistan is located in one of the most earthquake prone region with many devastating earthquakes in the past and active tectonic shows that there might be more earthquakes in future. The last earthquake tragedy for Turkey, very close to present time, is Erciş (Van) and Edremit (Van) earthquakes. Asked by Wiki User. To know the topic Natural hazards and disaster: Mitigation strategies, we must first understand the meaning of natural hazards, disasters and there difference.. Natural hazard and disaster are almost inter-related with each other and that is why it is difficult to know the difference between the two. Licensee IntechOpen. The finite element method has become widely accepted by the engineering professions as an extremely valuable method of analysis. Laura Coventry (STARR) provided layout and design support. For longer return periods (500-2500 years), the tsunami hazard is highest along the Sunda Arc, reflecting the larger maximum magnitudes. ATC-22 is a handbook for seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings (Priliminary), prepared by the Applied Technology Council for the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Stability problems and large unsupported wall lengths cause damages at these walls. Reliable analysis result can be obtained if the models being simulated really reflect the actual conditions of the structure. This type of damage for adobe and masonry buildings is shown in Figure 20 [42]. 1930. the seismic risk analysis in Pahang. These failures can be prevented by increasing of shear strength of this part of the column. However, construction of buildings by using local materials with poor workmanship on the base of traditional rules is the other reason of failures for these buildings. Fault- induced angular distortion and lateral ground strain can cause beams to yield and eventually lead to structural … In addition to this measure, vertical bond beams should be constructed near the openings. Thus, during an earthquake, partial and total collapses occur in these storeys. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education. conducted a field observation after the 2011 Van, Turkey, earthquakes. regional and distant earthquake sources. term of earthquake loading and some modifications and amendments are required for the current code of practice. Proceedings, International Workshop on Earthquake Injury Epidemiology for Mitigation and Response MD Johns Hopkins University Baltimore 107 132 Google Scholar Yön et al. attention to other tsunami prone areas of the country Lombok and north Papua, and 0.1–1% for north Sulawesi, Seram US-Asia Conference on Engineering for Mitigating Natural Hazards These waves are generated by body waves move through parallel to the ground surface and various underpass the layer boundaries. c)Legal framework. During the Disaster. evaluated the performance of masonry and reinforced concrete buildings during the Bhuj earthquake in India on January 26, 2001 [11]. (a) Detachment of infill wall during the Bingöl earthquake and (b) In-plane damage of during the Van earthquake. Many organizations have embarked on emergency management programs by boosting and creating awareness on mitigation.Risk analysis on physical constructions should be carried out to reduce physical threats. Therefore, the walls that are not supported by the wooden logs may easily overturn to out-of-plane direction during the earthquake. Also, seismic design provisions of Pakistan were compared with seismic requirements of UBC (1997) and EC8 (1998) [19]. Thus, this failure mechanism is triggered by earthquake. construction projects which reduce economic and social impacts, Hazard management and vulnerability reduction, conduct training programs for the trainers, create disaster preparedness management program, initiate structural earthquake resistant design committee, form a Malaysian Earthquake Engineering Society, establish National Earthquake Research Center, establish National Earthquake Information Center, university level (geology, earthquake design in engineering subjects), continuing education program for public and professionals. All Eastern Asian countries have participated directly in this regional effort, with the addition of Japan, for which an existing national hazard map was incorporated. No need to build separate structures and to install earthquake … To prevent this type of failure, adequate connection and high-strength mortar between wall and reinforced concrete frame should be used. Out-of-plane mechanism may appear from the combination of several deficiencies. Facebook. WhatsApp. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. The purpose of the ATC-22 is to determine the potential earthquake hazard and identify buildings or building components that present unacceptable risk to human lives. Tools of GIS and remote sensing are frequently and effectively used for earthquake hazard, vulnerability and risk assessment and assist in developing risk reduction strategies. HeadquartersIntechOpen Limited5 Princes Gate Court,London, SW7 2QJ,UNITED KINGDOM. FEMA E-74 is the more detailed document available worldwide for the reduction of the non-structural earthquake damage. Humar et al. This method calculates the seismic, Figure 4. These units are easily broken into small pieces as they have very low strength. As Haiti is known for being an earthquake area as it lies on a plate boundary, people should structure buildings so that they become more resistant to earthquakes. Out-of-plane mechanism of the briquette buildings [42]. Corner damages are common in the adobe and masonry buildings. for generating and mapping the spatial pattern of social vulnerability index for seismic hazard The annual probability of experiencing a tsunami with a height of > 0.5 m at the coast is greater than 10% for Sumatra, Java, the Sunda islands (Bali, Lombok, Flores, Sumba) and north Papua. Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP) in Continental Asia. © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. Nearly no engineering services are used in these buildings [20]. Identify mitigation measures that can be taken. Damage to adobe structures due to heavy earthen roof during the Van earthquake [42]. Usually the effects will rise significantly as results of increasing in population and structures or infrastructure facilities. Lessons learned from the 1985 Mexican earthquake and the 1957 San Francisco earthquake phenomena have shown that earthquake can have significant effects although at longer distance due to long period component of shear waves. through the use of logic trees and through sampling probability Results for social vulnerability map showed that, majority of the study By. map reveals that, districts in the central parts of the region are the most highly exposed to investigated the behavior of non-structural elements, particularly masonry infills in reinforced concrete frames at the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake [25]. Concrete quality is an important factor for building performance against to earthquakes. This process is called as “elastic rebound” theory. P waves have relatively little damage potential. Spectra at Far Field. While ground floor generally encloses with glass window instead of brick infill walls, partition walls are constructed above from this storey for separating rooms for the residential usage. They investigated failure mechanisms and damage patterns of reinforced concrete buildings and presented their observations in the study [37]. Resources . A building does not meet the life-safety objective of ATC-22 if one or more of the following events occur; the entire building collapse, portions of the building collapse, components of the building fail and fall, exit and entry routes are blocked, preventing the evacuation and rescue the occupants. These structures are constructed with traditional techniques using locally available materials. In particular, columns of buildings can be having insufficient transverse reinforcement in the plastic hinge region. 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